Resistors, Resistor Color Codes, Resistor Color Code Calculator

Resistors, like diodes and relays, are another of the electronic parts that should have a section in the installer's parts bin. They have become a necessity for the mobile electronics installer, whether it be for door locks, praking lights, timing circuits, remote starts, LED's, or just to discharge a stiffening capacitor.

Resistors "resist" the flow of electrical current. The higher the value of resistance (measured in ohms) the lower the current will be.

Resistors are color coded. To read the color code of a common 4 band 1K ohm resistor with a 5% tolerance, start at the opposite side of the GOLD tolerance band and read from left to right. Write down the corresponding number from the color chart below for the 1st color band (BROWN). To the right of that number, write the corresponding number for the 2nd band (BLACK) . Now multiply that number (you should have 10) by the corresponding multiplier number of the 3rd band (RED)(100). Your answer will be 1000 or 1K. It's that easy.

* If a resistor has 5 color bands, write the corresponding number of the 3rd band to the right of the 2nd before you multiply by the corresponding number of the multiplier band. If you only have 4 color bands that include a tolerance band, ignore this column and go straight to the multiplier.

The tolerance band is usually gold or silver, but some may have none. Because resistors are not the exact value as indicated by the color bands, manufactures have included a tolorance color band to indicate the accuracy of the resistor. Gold band indicates the resistor is within 5% of what is indicated. Silver = 10% and None = 20%. Others are shown in the chart below. The 1K ohm resistor in the example (left), may have an actual measurement any where from 950 ohms to 1050 ohms. If a resistor does not have a tolerance band, start from the band closest to a lead. This will be the 1st band. If you are unable to read the color bands, then you'll have to use your multimeter. Be sure to zero it out first!

Resistor Color Codes Band Color 1st Band # 2nd Band # *3rd Band # Multiplier x Tolerances ± % Black 0 0 0 1 Brown 1 1 1 10 ± 1% Red 2 2 2 100 ± 2 % Orange 3 3 3 1000 Yellow 4 4 4 10,000 Green 5 5 5 100,000 ± 0.5 % Blue 6 6 6 1,000,000 ± 0.25 % Violet 7 7 7 10,000,000 ± 0.10 % Grey 8 8 8 100,000,000 ± 0.05 % White 9 9 9 1,000,000,000 Gold 0.1 ± 5 % Silver 0.01 ± 10 % None ± 20 %

Resistor Color Code Calculator

Below is a JavaScript apllication for determining resistor values, courtesy of Danny Goodman. Just select the color for each band and the value will automatically be displayed. Please note, this is for 4 band resistors only. • Note: May not work in some versions of Opera.

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White Gold Silver Gold Silver None

GRAPHICAL RESISTANCE CALCULATOR in JAVASCRIPT Version 2.0

by Danny Goodman (dannyg@dannyg.com)
Analyzed and described at length in
"JavaScript Bible"
(Amazon Books ISBN 0764547186)
This program is Copyright 1996 by Danny Goodman.

Resistance Value:

COMPONENT

Component Toolbar Editor

With the Component Toolbar Editor you can add your own components to TINA's component toolbar. Now you can create new component groups and buttons and you can move the component groups and buttons anywhere on the component toolbar.

Live 3D Breadboard

Live 3D Breadboard

Using the Live 3D Breadboard tool in TINA, you can automatically build a life-like 3D picture of a solderless breadboard (sometimes called a “whiteboard”). When you run TINA in interactive mode, components like switches, LEDs, instruments, etc. become “live” and will work on the virtual breadboard just as in reality. You can use this capability of TINA to prepare and document lab experiments.

You can either assemble the circuit step-by-step or by generating the whole circuit on the breadboard. Pick up and move parts on the breadboard using the mouse, and TINA will automatically rearrange the wiring while retaining connectivity. In the same fashion, you can select and move wires for clearer appearance. Note that you cannot change the endpoints of a wire this way–wiring integrity is preserved.

The breadboard tool is mostly intended for educational purposes to prepare laboratory experiments in a safe 3D environment. You can also use this breadboard to guide you in actually wiring a physical breadboard for lab verification.

If you turn the PCB upside down (by holding down the left mouse button over an unused area and moving the mouse), you can see the connections of the wires from the PCB solder side to the oscilloscope.

If you use connectors instead of soldering wires directly to the PCB and connect the instruments through those. By adding Header2 and Header3 (they can be found under the Connectors button on the Switches component toolbar), you can make the interconnection shown on the picture below.

Analog, Digital, MCU, Mixed-Signal and RF Devices in TINA

Analog, Digital, MCU, Mixed-Signal and RF Devices in TINA

The TINA library includes over 20,000 components which can be modified by the user. Component models include:

Sources: current source, voltage source, current generator, voltage generator, linear and on-linear controlled sources (CCCS, VCCS, CCVS, VCVS), digital pulse source, digital clock, Spice PWL excitation

Passive components: resistor, potentiometer, capacitor, charged capacitor, inductor, energy-storing inductor, coupled inductors, transformer, nonlinear inductors and transformers, transmission line, diode, Zener-diode, varicap-diode, Schottky-diode, lamp, motor, fuse

Optoelectronic components: LED, photodiode, photoresistor, phototransistor, solar cell, optocoupler

Active components: bipolar transistor (NPN and PNP), MOS transistor (enhancement- and depletion-mode, N and P channel), JFET (N and P channel), BSIM MOS models, thyristor, triac, diac, ideal operational amplifier, operational amplifier, smps controllers

RF components, RF models, RF parts: RF capacitors, inductors, diodes, bipolar and MOS transistors with Spice- and S-parameter models

Gates: buffer, tri-state buffer, inverter, Schmidt inverter, AND (2, 3, and 4 inputs), OR (2, 3, and 4 inputs), NAND (2, 3, and 4 inputs), NOR (2, 3, and 4 inputs), and XOR

Flip-flops: D latch, D flip-flop, SR flip-flop, JK flip-flop

Digital ICs: 74000 logic family, 4000 logic family, AD and DA converters

Microcontrollers, MCU devices: PIC, AVR, 8051 including mixed signal interface

Manufacturer's models: Spice models from leading semiconductor manufacturers, Analog Devices, Burr-Brown, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Texas Instruments, Zetex and more

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Measuring instruments: voltage meter, open circuit, voltage pin, test point (for real-time measurements), ampere meter, current arrow, power meter, impedance meter

Virtual Instruments

Digital multimeter, function generator, storage oscilloscope, XY recorder, signal analyzer, spectrum-analyzer, network analyzer, digital signal generator, and logic analyzer.

PCB Design with TINA

PCB Design with TINA

Create single, double-sided or multilayer PCBs of your circuits with a single mouse click, using automatically-placed and routed components. All components in TINA are "PCB-ready" and have associated footprints. If necessary, you can review and edit a component's footprint using the components' spreadsheet. TINA's unique 3D capability displays a schematic with the physical parts in place of their electronic symbols. You can also view the PCB in 3D from any angle to see how it will look after manufacture.

The fully integrated layout module of TINA has all the features you need for advanced PCB design, including powerful autoplacement & autorouting, flexible PCBs, manual and "follow-me" trace placement, DRC, forward/back annotation, pin/gate swapping, keep-in/out areas, thermal relief, fanout, plane layers, Gerber file output and much more.

Single layer SMD circuit

Schemaric diagram

Schematic with 3D view of parts

Single sided layout

3D view of the circuit

Double layer through-hole circuit

Schematic diagram of a double-sided design

3D part preview on the schematic

PCB layout with Top (red) layer selected

PCB layout with Bottom (green) layer selected

3D view of the top side

Looking at the bottom layer

4-layer SMD circuit

Schematic diagram of the 4-layer SMD design

PCB layout of the 4-layer SMD design

3D view of the top side

3D view of the bottom side

Flexible PCB Layout (Flex PCB)

Flex PCBs are PCBs whose electronic devices are mounted on flexible plastic substrates. They are widely used in modern electronics where space is a critical factor e.g., cameras, mobile phones, etc. TINA supports Flex PCB design, which we will introduce by way of an example. Our example will consist of a conventional rigid PCB with two flexible extensions.

Example file „PIC Flasher DIP4SW flex top.TSC” from the Examples\PCB folder of TINA.

TINA can present a 3D view of the circuit board. Press the rightmost button (3D View) in the TINA PCB Designer program see the PCB as presented in the next figure.

Analog, Digital, Symbolic, RF, VHDL, MCU and Mixed-Mode Circuit Simulation & PCB Design

Analog, Digital, Symbolic, RF, VHDL, MCU and Mixed-Mode Circuit Simulation & PCB Design

TINA Design Suite is a powerful yet affordable circuit simulation and PCB design software package for analyzing, designing, and real time testing of analog, digital, VHDL, MCU, and mixed electronic circuits and their PCB layouts. You can also analyze SMPS, RF, communication, and optoelectronic circuits; generate and debug MCU code using the integrated flowchart tool; and test microcontroller applications in a mixed circuit environment. A unique feature of TINA is that you can bring your circuit to life with the optional USB controlled TINALab II hardware, which turns your computer into a powerful, multifunction T&M instrument. Electrical engineers will find TINA an easy to use, high performance tool, while educators will welcome its unique features for the training environment.

Easy to use schematic entry. Enter any circuit within minutes with TINA's easy-to-use schematic editor. Enhance your schematics by adding text and graphics elements such lines, arcs arrows, frames around the schematics and title blocks. Choose components from the large library containing more than 20,000 manufacturer models. You can check schematics for errors with TINA’s advanced ERC functions. The schematic editor supports complex hierarchical designs, team design and version control.

Powerful analysis tools. Analyze your circuit through more than 20 different analysis modes or with 10 high tech virtual instruments. Present your results in TINA's sophisticated diagram windows, on virtual instruments, or in the live interactive mode where you can even edit your circuit during operation, develop, run, debug and test VHDL & MCU applications.

Integrated PCB design. The new fully integrated layout module of TINA has all the features you need for advanced PCB design, including multilayer PCB’s with split power plane layers, powerful autoplacement & autorouting, rip-up and reroute, manual and ”follow-me” trace placement, DRC, forward and back annotation, pin and gate swapping, keep-in and keep-out areas, copper pour, thermal relief, fanout, 3D view of your PCB design from any angle, Gerber file output and much more.

Advanced presentation tools. Make stand-out reports and presentations of schematic diagrams, annotations, formulas provided by symbolic analysis, Bode plots, Nyquist diagrams, poles and zeros, transient responses, digital waveforms, and other data using linear or logarithmic scales. Customize presentations using TINA's advanced drawing tools to control text, fonts, axes, line width, color and layout. You can create, edit and print documents directly inside TINA or cut & paste your results into your favorite word processing or DTP package.

Importing Spice models. Create new TINA components from any Spice subcircuit, whether created by yourself, downloaded from the Internet, obtained from a manufacturer's CD or from portions of schematics turned into subcircuits. TINA automatically represents these subcircuits as a rectangular block, but you can create any shape you like with TINA's Schematic Symbol Editor. You can also use TINA's parameter extractor program to calculate model parameters from catalog or measurement data and then add the new devices into the catalog.

Educational tools. Educational tools. TINA also includes unique tools for testing students' knowledge, monitoring progress and introducing troubleshooting techniques. With optional hardware it can be used to test real circuits for comparison with the results obtained from simulation. With the Live 3D Breadboard tool you can automatically build a life-like 3D picture of a solderless breadboard. When you run TINA in interactive mode, components like switches, LEDs, instruments, etc. become “live” and will work on the virtual breadboard just as in reality. You can use this capability of TINA to prepare and document lab experiments. You can also use the integrated Flowchart Editor and Debugger to generate and debug the MCU code, learning and teaching microcontroller programming.

Virtual Instruments: Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Multimeter, Signal Analyzer/Bode Plotter, Network Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer, Logic Analyzer, Digital Signal Generator, XY Recorder.

Real time measurements. TINA is far more than a circuit simulator with virtual measurements. You can install optional, supplementary hardware that allows real-time measurements controlled by TINA's on screen virtual instruments.

TINALab II multifunction PC Instrument. With the TINALab II high speed PC instrument you can turn your laptop or desktop computer into a powerful, multifunction test and measurement instrument. Whichever instrument you need multimeter, oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, arbitrary waveform generator, or digital signal generator it is at your fingertips with a click of the mouse. In addition TINALab II can be used with the TINA circuit simulation program for comparison of simulation and measurements as a unique tool for circuit development, troubleshooting, and the study of analog and digital electronics.